International Relations During the Cold War

This essay explains the developments in the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the cold war. The cold war was fueled by the actions of given leaders and the policies that were instituted or formulated by the leadership. This essay discusses how these leaders and policies shaped the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Cold War’s Developments in the Relations Between the US and the Soviet Union specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By the end of the World War II, The US enjoyed hegemonic powers. It had the strongest economy estimated to have been roughly half the world’s GNP (Maier 228). The cold war was fueled by mistrust between the USSR and the U.S. At the end of the World War II, USSR was the only power centre that nearly equaled the U.S. A power imbalance or vacuum had been left by the fall of Germany and Europe was too bruised as to only care about its wounds (Urwin 44). USSR and the U.S were keen on filling the power vacuum (Maier 335). Anchored on antagonistic ideologies, they did all they could to spread their influence all over the world. At the heart of the cold war were two ideologies i.e. capitalism was under the onslaught of communism. Both capitalists and communists wanted to sway in world affairs in their favor. From the USSR, some of the influential leaders include Stalin, Nikita, Brezhnev and Constantine. Stalin was at the heart of USSR’s expansionist policies. The US had leaders such as Truman. Truman made a wise decision of affirming that geographical position was an important element of struggle rather than challenging the axis in the fight against communism. Truman helped towards economic aid for European nations to save them from communist onslaught. One great post World War economic policy contributions of the U.S. was the Marshal plan. Others include initiating t he Breton woods system and it’s joining the NATO alliance. On the political plane, Lundestand (148) argues that anticommunism dominated U.S.’s post WWII political policies and campaigns across the world. Due to the cold war, the U.S supported and kept despotic regimes in place. This is clearer when one considers some regimes in Africa or say Spain. Despotic leaders were supported basically because they opposed communism. In countries like Germany, need to deal with communism was given precedence to the interest to root out Nazism. Compromised elites were allowed to hold powerful offices in post war Germany so as to revive Germany against the onslaught of communism.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economically, U.S.’s economic policies were anchored on understanding that economic freedom anchored on economic growth necessitates other freedoms especia lly political liberties (Lundestand 152). Therefore, it was expected that when nations prospered economically, they would also stabilize politically. Economic freedom of individuals or liberal market approaches drove the capitalist while social concern and equality drove the communists. Security policies in both the U.S.A and the USSR advocated for indirect aggression e.g. economic sabotage, forming of alliances and arms race. The U.S joined the NATO alliance, which provided military security against the destabilizing interests of the socialist USSR. Without the U.S. there is a high likelihood; Stalin with his expansionist interests could have caused turmoil in Europe. NATO also helped curb intra-rivalries in Europe that traditionally resulted in warfare. The U.S through the marshal plan gave crucial economic aid to Europe. The aid was important in enabling internal processes in Europe and initiatives that enabled trade especially with the U.S. itself. Through other tax stabilizing and opening up to trade initiatives build in and around the Breton woods system, Europe was helped to recover and act as a rebuff to Stalin’s expansionist interests. Works Cited Lundestad, Geir, â€Å"Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945- 1952,† in Charles Maier (ed.), The Cold War in Europe: Era of a Divided Continent. New York: Markus Wiener. 1991: pp. 143-65. Maier, Charles. â€Å"The Two Postwar Eras and the Conditions for Stability in Twentieth- Century Western Europe,† American Historical Review, 1981: Vol. 86, No. 2. pp 327-352. Urwin, Derek. â€Å"Western Europe since 1945: A Short Political History†. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd. 1968: pp. 27-50. This essay on The Cold War’s Developments in the Relations Between the US and the Soviet Union was written and submitted by user Callie T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. International Relations During the Cold War Introduction The Cold War refers to the enduring situation of opinionated divergence, proxy hostilities, and economic rivalry in the period following the Second World War. These hostilities were between the Communist nations, mainly the Soviet Union and its protectorate states and associate, and the authorities of the West-leaning nations, principally the United States and its associates (White, 2000, p. 5).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Relations During the Cold War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even if the main protagonists’ armed forces never formally collided directly, they articulated the dispute by way of armed forces alliances, tactical conformist force operations, far-reaching aid to regions and nations reckoned to be susceptible, proxy conflicts, spying, misinformation, conservative and atomic arms races, petitions to nonaligned countries, enmity at games events, and scientific contests like the Space Race. In the face of being associates opposed to the Axis powers, the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics differed in relation to opinionated philosophy and the arrangement of the post-conflict world at the same time as taking up majority of Europe. The Soviet Union formed the Eastern Bloc. This was jointly with the nations in the east of Europe. It also took control of some while upholding others as protectorate states. Some of these were afterwards merged as the Warsaw Agreement (1955 – 1991). The United States and its associates on the other hand brought into play suppression of communism as a key tactic, crafting associations such as NATO (Walker, 1981, p. 207). United States financed the Marshall Plan to set up a more swift post-conflict resurgence of Europe, at the same time as the Soviet Union would not allow a majority of Eastern Bloc members take part. To a different place, in Latin America and Southeast Asia, the Union o f Soviet Socialist Republics lent a hand and aided promote communist insurgencies, resisted by a number of Western nations and their regional associates. They tried to push back some of these western foes and came out with mixed effects. In the midst of the nations that the USSR propped up in support of communist uprising was Cuba, which had Fidel Castro as its leader. The nearness of communist Cuba to the United States bore out to be a major battle front of the Cold War. The USSR set several atomic projectiles in Cuba, igniting fiery tension with the Americans and ending up in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, a point in which full-blown atomic war threatened. A number of nations joined NATO and the Warsaw Agreement, while others crafted the Non-Aligned Movement.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More During the 80s decade, following the Reagan Doctrine, the United States augmented ambassador ial, armed forces, and economic demands on the Soviet Union, at a period when the nation was by then going through economic doldrums. Towards the end of the same decade, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev brought in the easing up changes. The Cold War stopped following the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991. This meant that the United States was left as the overriding armed authority, and Russia having power over the largest part of the Soviet Union’s atomic arsenal. The Cold War and its proceedings have had a momentous effect on the world up to the present times. Historiography of the Cold War As soon as the reference Cold War was vulgarized, understanding the path and genesis of the divergence has been a starting place of frenzied debate amongst historiographers, opinionated scientists, and members of the press (Garthoff, 2004, p.21). Particularly, historiographers have harshly differed as to who was accountable for the go kaput of Soviet-US associations following W orld War II. There is also a disagreement on whether the war involving the two world powers was to be anticipated, or could have been steered clear of. Historiographers have as well differed on what precisely the Cold War was, what the foundations of the war were, and the way in which to unravel outlines of action and retort involving the two sides. Even as the details of the genesis of the war in scholastic forums are intricate and varied, quite a lot of general philosophical systems on the subject matter can be made out. Historiographers normally talk of three parallel approaches to the subject area of the Cold War. These are; the orthodox, revisionism and post-revisionism. Orthodox perspective The initial perspective of analysis to come out as regards this war was the orthodox perspective. For more than ten years following the end of World War II, a small number of historiographers faced up to the formal United States explanation of the origins of the Cold War. The orthodox schoo l of thought lays the blame for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its spreading out into Eastern Europe. For instance, Thomas A. Bailey indicated in his 1950 America Faces Russia that the collapse of post-conflict harmony was the consequence of Soviet expansionism in the straightaway post-conflict years (Davis, 1999, p. 10).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Relations During the Cold War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bailey felt that Stalin went against guarantees he had made at Yalta, enforced Soviet governed establishments on reluctant Eastern European populaces, and schemed to extend communism right through the world. From this perspective, United States administrators were compelled to act in response to Soviet antagonism with the Truman Doctrine, strategies to control communist insurrection around the world, and the Marshall Plan. A policy maker, George Kennan wrote his interpretation of t he origin of this conflict also at around the same time when the orthodox perspective held much meaning. Kennan wrote an article in 1947 in which he argued that the Soviet had a longing to spread out their domain as a consequence of a fearful uncertainty as a result of the Civil War. The article was titled Sources of Soviet Conduct and it indicated that the communist philosophy required that capitalism be seen as a peril. Kennan was of the idea that the Soviet Union could not be relied upon as a result of its ideological dedication to wiping out capitalism, which Kennan was convinced that the Soviets would do all that they possibly could to make certain this would take place so as to uphold their place of sway in the world. He referred to the 1917 uprising of the Bolsheviks as an illustration of the extents the Soviets would go to protect their authority (Berezhkov, 1994, p. 268). As a result, Kennan insisted that the Soviet Union must not be consented to spread out and put on any f orce that could intimidate the United States. Kennan’s sway can be made out in the initial times past of the foundations of the Cold War. William Hardy McNeill, University of Chicago Professor, held Joseph Stalin responsible for the whole war. The Professor argued that Stalin was to blame for the conflict by not sticking to his pledge of holding free and fair polls in Eastern Europe following World War II. As a result of this, America could not rely on anything that Stalin assured, and began to view him with immense suspicion. In addition, McNeill intimates that, Stalin slipped back to Bolshevik catchphrases and ideas, which led to the thought of a global communist interest group. These deeds yet again put the United States on the protective in its labors to safeguard its interests in west of Europe. Tallying with McNeill’s analysis of the Cold War was Martin F. Hertz. Hertz argues that when Stalin declined to consent to Poland to hold a free and fair poll, the western democratic states, at the time feeling remorse for consenting to the Poles to be surrendered in 1939 by the Nazis, disapproved to consenting Staling to enforce a gracious administration on his territory.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hertz is convinced that if Stalin would have let Poland and the other eastern nations to uphold an aspect of sovereignty or self-sufficiency, no conflict would have occurred (Tucker, 1997, p. 273). The initial explanations of the Cold War are vital to comprehending the progress of the conflict itself. On the other hand, these versions do not take into contemplation even a single one of the United States’ overseas policies and their impact on the Soviet Union. Kennan, McNeill and Hertz are all of the idea that the only means to have steered clear of the Cold War was to have someone else heading the Soviet Union. Every reader of these accounts has as well to bear in mind the opinionated atmosphere of the 50s decade. McNeill’s paperback was put out in 1957, only four years following the Joseph McCarthy trials and at a period when Americans were all the time more conformist in their take on the Soviet Union. Hertz’s paperback was not put out until the mid-60s. This was a period when the United States had eased up in response to the overly conformist 50s. Nonetheless, Hertz was completing his education during the 50s, which without a doubt had a role to play in his point of view on the world. To add to that, for at least the initial three-fourths of the 50s, the hostilities involving the United States and the Soviet Union were declining to the position where a lot of analysts of political occurrences were saying the Cold War was approaching a close. The decrease of anxieties led to a lot of American citizens feeling as if their post-conflict paragons of autonomy for all countries were turning out to be spot on. This facilitated the vulgarization of a number of feel-good times past. McNeill’s paperback, and to a certain level Hertz’s paperback despite the fact that it was written later, is a pleasant, feel-good on the subject of America history publication. The orthodox understanding has been depicted as the formal United States ac count of Cold War history. Even if it dropped its authority as a means of chronological contemplation in scholastic forums in the 60s, it keeps on being important. Revisionism The United States taking part in Vietnam in the 60s disenchanted a lot of historiographers with the grounds of suppression, and consequently with the suppositions of the orthodox perspective to understanding the Cold War. Revisionist perspectives came out in the wake of the Vietnam War, in the background of a better reconsidering of the United States responsibility in global matters, which was perceived more in relation to American domain or power. Even as the emerging school of thought resulted in a lot of disparities among individual academics, the accounts that were part of it were by and large rejoinders of one form or another to publications carried out in the 50s (Suri, 2002, p. 60). As Americans commenced on freeing up their country another time in the 60s, Cold War chronicles altered also when William Appleman Williams held the United States responsible for the conflict. This was in his turning point 1962 hardback, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy. Williams referred to himself as a self-declared extremist and articulated that the United States had in times gone by thought about the open-door guiding principle as vital to the constant successfulness of the United States. Williams points at quite a lot of past illustrations of this guiding principle and wraps up that the United States could not arrive at any post-conflict pact with the Soviet Union till the Soviets consented to the United States open business in Eastern Europe, which is contradictory of the socialist states the Soviet Union desired to have in the area. As a result of this, Williams further indicates that America piled up too much pressure on the Soviets by way of schemes like NATO and the Marshall Plan, which left the Soviet Union on the justificatory. Immediately the Soviet Union ingrained itself so as to keep it s sakes, no allowance was left for finding the middle ground on the structure of post-conflict Europe. Being of the same opinion as Williams was Norman Graebner. Graebner’s 1962 paperback indicates that American leading lights put into use speechifying too antagonistic to the Soviet Union in desires of talking into the citizenry of America and Western Europe that any Soviet menace could with no trouble done away with. This showed the way to the leaders of the US to be in a position to give up nothing to the Soviets minus appearing sapless to the populace. A number of other revisionist historiographers have placed other American deeds and guiding principles at the focal point of the cause of the Cold War (Combs, 1983, p. 67). According to Gar Alperovitz, the US ought to have the acclaim for starting the Cold War due to its use of the nuclear bomb against Japan. Alperovitz indicates that Truman dropped the bomb not to preserve lives and bring the war with Japan to an end, but h e did it so as to fright the Soviets into agreeing to the US to come up with the procedure for the post-conflict world. Nevertheless, going by Alperovitz, Stalin perceived Eastern Europe as even more significant for the safety of the Soviet Union. Following Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Stalin required a safeguard district so as to become aware of any effort by the US to drop a nuclear bomb on Moscow. Post-revisionism The revisionist explanation created a climacteric response of its own. In an assortment of ways, post-revisionist intelligence, prior to the collapse of Socialism, faced up to past works on the genesis and path of the Cold War, and a number of American Scholars carry on with refuting the existence of an American domain. Post-revisionism faced up to the revisionists by agreeing to a number of their conclusions but refuting a majority of their main assertions. Author George Herring centered his work on the United States’ incapacity to foresee Stalin’s conduct as a key root of the Cold War. What’s more, Herring considered that Stalin saw the US’s economic agenda as an undeviating competition to the Soviet Union (Tucker, 1997, p. 281). The author admits that he holds no proof to back up his Stalin assertion but uses psychosomatic outlining of Stalin’s responses to American resolutions to draw his windings up. Robert Messer sustained the exertions of the post-revisionists by laying emphasis on the misapprehension of each other by the leading lights of the two world powers. Messer indicates that the US and the Soviet Union could not reach a pact on the definite description of what a free and fair poll would involve and who would be in charge of ensuring the voting would be devoid of deceit. In the continuing investigation among western historiographers for the genesis of the Cold War, the post-revisionists appear to have attained more impartiality as compared to the preceding orthodox and revisionist schools of thought. In their views, there was no super-patriotism, nor were there any condemnations of the US administration. Nonetheless, the revisionists do away with all culpability for the Cold War and arrive at the wrapping up that the Cold War was an inescapable destiny. On the other hand, history is filled with persons who stood up against impossible odds to alter destiny and, consequently, history (Suri, 2002, p. 92). A scrutiny of leading lights of both the US and the Soviet Union will turn out loads of individuals that were more than competent of altering this destiny, but these people did not have confidence in one another to accomplish what they had pledged to do. Reference List Berezhkov, M. (1994). At Stalin’s Side: His Interpreter’s Memoirs from the October Revolution to the Fall of the Dictator’s Empire, trans. Sergei I. Mikheyev (New York: Birch Lane Press, 1994), pages 268-270. Combs, Jerald. (1983). American Diplomatic History: Two Centuries of Changing Interpretat ion. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). Davis, N. (1999). Rethinking the role of Ideology in International Politics During the Cold War, Journal of Cold War Studies 1 (1), (Winter 1999), pages 10-109. Gaddis, J. (1972). The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972). Garthoff, R. (2004). Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War. Journal of Cold War Studies 2004 6(2): 21-56. Issn: 1520-3972 Fulltext: Project Muse. Suri, J. (2002). Explaining the End of the Cold War: A New Historical Consensus? Journal of Cold War Studies – Volume 4, Number 4, Fall 2002, pp. 60-92 in Project Muse. Tucker, R. (1997). The Cold War in Stalin’s Time: What the New Sources Reveal, Diplomatic History 21, (Spring 1997), pages 273-281. Walker, J. (1981). Historians and Cold War Origins: The New Consensus, in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker, eds., American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Revie w (1981), 207–236. White, T. (2000). Cold War Historiography: New Evidence Behind Traditional Typographies. International Social Science Review, (2000). This essay on International Relations During the Cold War was written and submitted by user K1m0ra to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Searching the internet and features of PDAs Essays

Searching the internet and features of PDAs Essays Searching the internet and features of PDAs Essay Searching the internet and features of PDAs Essay Coursework is receipted on the understanding that it is the students own work and that it has not, in whole or part, been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged in accordance with the Universitys Regulations regarding Cheating and Plagiarism. This report should enable you, as a novice user, to effectively use computer equipment to develop your expertise and expand your business enterprise. By looking at your needs, to update your computer systems to bid successfully for the 2012 Olympic Stadium build, I have identified what areas you need to improve.Firstly this report will examine how you can search the internet. I have included a flow chart and step-by-step instructions on how to do this. Tips on successfully evaluating the legitimacy of the material gathered are also included. Next the report will explore your need for a PDA. It will examine the features the I believe are appropriate to a small to medium enterprise working in the construction industry and what PDAs have these features, prepared a table to help you choose the most suitable one. When searching the internet bear in mind that The Internet is a self-publishing medium. Your visits tosearch engines will yield content with a wide range of quality from a variety of sources. Be sure to evaluate everything you encounter and Try out multiple sites when you are investigating a topic search engines vary in their contents, features, and selectivity, accuracy, and retrieval technologies. (Cohen, L. , 2005). You can do this simply by returning to step 8 at least once to check that the information you have already gathered corresponds with information from another site. If it does not try another site until you have a clear understanding and valid information. Now this report will look at your need for a PDA.The Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) has been introduced into the construction industry as a data device (Ahsan, S. , El-Hamalawi, A. Bouchlaghem, N. , 2005). And Cus-Babic et al said the PDAs speed, memory capacity, communication possibilities, reliability, small size and long power independence, as well as its level of hardware and software standardisation, gives the PDA a powerful potential in the information chain of a construction project (2000, p37-49). By looking at this you can see that your desire to have a PDA is very much welcome in the ever increasing computer based construction industry.

Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE) for Diabetes

Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE) for Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome which defined as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia, that result from insufficient production of insulin, or body cells poorly respond to the insulin that is produced, or both. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas and secreted in the blood to maintain blood glucose in the body through enables body cells to absorb glucose, to turn into energy. If the body cells enable to absorb the glucose, the glucose will accumulates in the blood (hyperglycemia), leading to many and different potential medical complications (Harmel & Mathur, 2004). Diabetes have several categories but the majority of cases fall into two categories which are type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These two types are powerful and highly independent risk factors causing coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease and organ damage and dysfunction including eyes and nerves (Harmel & Mathur, 2004). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus : Type 1 diabetes mellitus resulting from pancreas failure to produce insulin hormone. Person at risk of developing type 1 can be identified by doing serologic test markers that showing evidence of autoimmune destruction of beta cells (islet cells) of the pancreas which is responsible for insulin production. Type 1 diabetes is manifested in childhood and early adulthood, but can patient present at any age (Goroll & Mulley, 2009). Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are prone with wide range of series complications. Type 2 is characterized by high blood glucose due to insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. There are 20.8 million people in United State with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes traditionally is seen in elderly people. However it is diagnosed in obese children. Many studies shows that type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with high calorie diet, physical inactivity and life style (Feinglos & Bethel, 2008). Other Types of Diabetes: There are other types of diabetes but they are less common but patients who are underlying defect or disease process can be identified in a relatively specific manner. These types are Genetic defects of beta-cell function, Diseases of the exocrine pancreas e.g Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy, Endocrinopathies and cystic fibrosis and Uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes. Diabetes mellitus complications: Diabetic complications can be grouped into macrovascular and microvascular disease. Macrovascular diseases are result from atherosclerosis which develops in earlier age in patient with diabetes. There are several factors contribute to atherosclerosis such as lipidemia, hypertension, increased platelets adhesion and aggregation, elevated factor V, factor VII and fibrinogen concentration. Macrovascular diseases are seen in both type one and two of diabetes mellitus and they include coronary heart disease, Ischemic stroke and peripheral vascular disease (which can lead to u lcers, gangrene and amputation) (Winter & Signorino, 2002). Whereas, Microvascular complications is seen in type one diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia damages the basement membrane of capillaries in the retina and glomerulars which leads to retinopathy and neuropathy. Microvascular diseases include neuropathy (nerve damage), nephropathy (kidney disease) and vision disorders (eg retinopathy, glaucoma, cataract and corneal disease). Furthermore there are other complications of diabetes include infections, metabolic difficulties, dental disease, autonomic neuropathy and pregnancy problems (Winter & Signorino, 2002).

EU Common Agricultural Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

EU Common Agricultural Policy - Essay Example onsumer market.5 While CAP is based on the welfare of rural communities and areas, the fact is that it is not a realistic policy and is the source of economic problems that can only be resolved through the reform of CAP and the liberalization of EU agricultural trade policy. The EU CAP is a source of several problems. In the first place, creating a common agricultural policy means reforming the agricultural strategies and policies which are used in twenty-five member countries. Establishing and implementing a common policy for the Western European countries was difficult but the enlargement of the European Union to include Eastern European countries made it very difficult. It did not just mean that the new member countries had to abide by CAP policies but that they had to change their agricultural policies and strategies in order to be able to adhere to CAP.6 A second important problem is the economic consequences of CAP. As a result of CAP, the price of agricultural goods was raised and, as mentioned earlier, these prices were not related to those on the global market. In addition, to make sure that cheaper agricultural goods did not enter the EU market and compete with EU agricultural produce, levies were imposed on imported goods to make up the price difference. As the price of agricultural goods went up to their highest levels and because EU agricultural producers were protected from competition, there was a greater incentive to produce and the EU eventually became the world's second largest agricultural exporter. 7 The problem developed when the price of agricultural goods dropped on the international market but the price of EU agricultural goods remained high. This meant that EU farmers continued to produce surplus and that the EU had to continue to support its farmers. In 1988, 62% of the EU's budget went to agricultural goods.8 Th is was a serious economic problem and the EU could not any longer support CAP under these circumstances. Its economic cost was too high. The identified problems are serious. The first refers to the difficulties of implementing a common agricultural policy and the second to the difficulties of economically supporting these policies. Therefore, for the European Union leaders it was clear that these problems could only be solved through the reform of CAP. 3 Reform Policies CAP reforms were first implemented in 1988. The first set of reforms focused on limiting agricultural outputs and,

The Culture and History of Switzerland Assignment

The Culture and History of Switzerland - Assignment Example The main principle that characterizes the country’s political system is that the citizens have the highest political authority in the states of Swiss. They have the leverage of conveying their opinion at the levels such as communal, cantonal, and federal. Moreover, they can not only vote on different issues but also elect representatives of the Federal Assembly (Swiss Community, 2015). Response to question 3 The geopolitics and geography of the Swiss sustained and allowed a tension-laden but polycentricity that was effective. The cantons stubbornly, on autonomy, canalized the attempts, as well as, state-building into a league mode of association instead of centralizing the unitary state model. The ultimate sovereignty neither depends on the citizen nor in some of the central universal principle though it will depend on the autonomous communities. This can be explained by the difference of in the democratic process of this country in comparison to other democracies. It has a direct democracy where the citizens influence government activities directly through either referenda or initiatives. In the federalism, the constitutional powers are citizen centered as well as the cantons. Moreover, they have consociational democracy where the cantonal majority rules. Cantons that are small have equal weight to those that are big (Swiss Community, 2015). Response to question 4 In my opinion, the culture and color character of the Zurich, Geneva, and Basel relatively differ. This can be attributed to the fact that the culture of the citizens is firmly anchored by the cantons. These cities are important facets of cultural identity as they contribute to the cultural and social substance towards the maintenance of the nation that is polycentric.

Arab Spring and the French Revolution Essay Example for Free

Arab Spring and the French Revolution Essay Prosper (Reap the rewards of your preparation and performance) The essay must include the following: Introduction paragraph (5 points) * First sentence is a quote used to â€Å"hook† the reader * You need to â€Å"in-text cite† the source of the quote * Then at least three sentences of French Revolution, Arab Spring background/historical context that sets up the thesis * Utilize facts from the French Revolution and Arab Spring * (Meaning: don’t respond to the prompt in the first four sentences) Thesis (15 points) A sophisticated, insightful, crystal clear thesis that states your argument and â€Å"drives† your essay * Thesis makes a claim that is analytical answering â€Å"why† or â€Å"How† (Hint: use the word â€Å"because†) * The thesis is the last sentence of the Introduction but is linked to each body paragraph topic (Claim) sentence Body Paragraphs Claim/Evidence (10 points) * Each topic (Claim) sentence must link to the Thesis otherwise I won’t read the paragraph; therefore no checks! * Each topic sentence must be supported with evidence from resources (utilizing details/facts—Characters, Setting, Plot, Quotes†¦Do Not Generalize!!! * A good rule of thumb is that each topic sentence (body paragraph) is supported with three evidences. Body Warrant/Analysis (10 points) * Include creative and thoughtful analysis * Make sense of FR/Prompt by stating something interesting and unique * Utilize â€Å"Big Idea† terms in your paragraphs (Analogy, Cause and Effect, Compare and Contrast, Foreshadowing, Irony, â€Å"Nothing New Under the Sun†, Paradox, â€Å"Turning Points†) * Explain the â€Å"Big Ideas† thoughtfully and completely Conclusion paragraph (5 points) Wrap the essay up with a conclusion that restates the main points of your essay * Do not include a new argument to the conclusion * Say something interesting: Leave me in awe, impressed; move my heart and mind! Mechanics/ MLA Requirements (10 points) * Excellent sentence structure, grammar and punctuation * The paper fulfills all MLA requirements (see checklist) * The Works Cited page is properly formatted (see checklist) * All of the required sources (3) are cited properly in the paper * The paper was submitted to turnitin. com by the deadline * The paper must be 850 1000 words Essay Rubric Unique/Original Strong Useful Basic Lacking Introduction (5/55)ExemplaryCommendable Capable Fair Poor 5 4. 5 4 3. 5 3 Proper Introduction†¦ * First sentence used to â€Å"hook† the reader * You need to â€Å"in-text cite† the source of the quote * Then at least three sentences of FR, Arab Spring background/historical context that sets up the thesis Unique/Original Strong Useful Basic Lacking Thesis (15/55)ExemplaryCommendable Capable Fair Poor 15 14 13 12 11 10 * A sophisticated, insightful, crystal clear thesis states your argument and â€Å"drives† your essay * Thesis makes a claim that is analytical answering â€Å"why† or â€Å"How† (Hint: use the word â€Å"because†) * The thesis is the last sentence of the Introduction but is linked to each body paragraph topic (Claim) sentence 2+ 21 20 19 17 16 13 12 11 Body: Claim/Evidence (10/55)ExemplaryCommendable Capable Fair Poor 10 pts 9 pts. 8 pts. 7 pts. 6 pts. * Each topic (Claim) sentence must link to the Thesis otherwise I won’t read the paragraph; therefore no checks! * Each topic (Claim) sentence must be supported with evidence from resources (utilizing details/facts People, Setting, Quotes†¦Do Not Generalize!!! ) * Each detail/fact will be checked (). The more checks () the better! Unique/Original Strong Useful Basic Lacking Body: Warrant/Analysis (10/55) ExemplaryCommendable Capable Fair Poor 10 pts 9 pts. 8 pts. 7 pts. 6 pts. * Include creative and thoughtful analysis * Say something interesting and unique * Utilize â€Å"Big Idea† terms in your sentences (Analogy, Cause and Effect, Compare and Contrast, Foreshadowing, Irony, â€Å"Nothing New Under the Sun†, Paradox, â€Å"Turning Points†) * Explain the â€Å"Big Ideas† thoughtfully and completely The ideas of the paper flow logically and are exceptionally stated Unique/Original Strong Useful Basic Lacking Conclusion (5/55)ExemplaryCommendable Capable Fair Poor 5 4. 5 4 3. 5 3 * Wrap the essay up with a conclusion that restates the main points of your essay * Do not include a new argument to the conclusion * Say something interesting: Leave me in awe, impressed; move my heart and mind! Excellent Strong Useful Basic Lacking ExemplaryCommendable Capable Fair Poor 0 pts 9 pts. 8 pts. 7 pts. 6 pts. Mechanics/MLA (10/55) * Excellent sentence structure, grammar and punctuation * The paper fulfills all MLA requirements (see checklist) * The Works Cited page is properly formatted (see checklist)

Human Cloning is Playing God :: Clone Clones

Human cloning is it ethical? I think that human cloning should be banned. The president's stand on human cloning is the same, he believes that all forms of cloning should be banned. Sure cloning has its benefits, but it is not our job to "play God." Human cloning is unethical there are also health risks, emotional risks, risks of abuse of the technology, and over population which leads to global warming. Human cloning is immoral, we know little about it which makes it dangerous with lots of risks. First of all there are health risks, which is the biggest disadvantage with human cloning. People who agree with human cloning agree with it because of the benefits that could do on people?s health, but they should consider the health risks. There are miscarriage deaths, deaths seen after birth, tissue rejection and abnormalities. 10 out of 12 cloned mice born apparently healthy at birth lived less than 800 days. Source: Scotsman ?To subject human beings to cloning is not taking an unknown risk, it's knowingly harming people,? Kilner said. Large percentage of cloning efforts end in failure, it took hundreds of attempts to clone Dolly. ?No human life should be exploded or extinguish for the benefit for another? President Bush. Due to large percentages of animal cloning ending in failure and the lack of understanding about human cloning, many scientists and physicians strongly believe that it would be unethical to attempt to clone humans. Emotional pressures on a teenager trying to establish his or her identity is also a concern. How will a child be able to distinguish between her mother, and her sister? For example baby Eve was born by caesarian section in Miami on Thursday, weighs 3.1kg and is the exact genetic duplicate of her 31-year-old US mother, according to Clonaid head Brigitte Boisselier. If a father sees his wife's clone grow up into the exact replica of the individual he fell in love with, would a sexual relationship with his wife's twin be wrong? How would they feel if they knew they were a replacement for another? Cloning denies an individual to their own identity. Cloning simply re-creates the genes of the person, not their memories or personality. It is not easy to lose one loved one, but the thought of losing several would be unethical. Third there are the risks of abuse of the technology. If cloning is not ban and becomes legal people are going to want to clone celebrities, inventors, and athletes from the past.

Durga puja Essay

Different people may have different take on the need and importance of Durga Puja. If one is looking from the traditional point of view then Durga, who is considered as the culmination of energies of the various Gods resembles the victory of the good over the evil. Goddess Durga has not only the powers to destroy evil but also the caring heart of a Mother and is therefore, referred popularly as Maa Durga. She is also referred to as Aditi – the mother of all gods and goddesses. This endearing quality of Durga makes Her so very lovable in the minds of Her followers. From being mother of all creations She equally holds the place of the destroyer. The word Durga means â€Å"durduhkhena gamyate† – destroyer of all evil and ignorance. Modern day importance – the concept of feminist Maa Durga with Her all powering qualities represents the feminist concept of women-power. It calls for the respect of the mother and women in our lives. No where it is important than in India where gender discrimination is still rampant. Durga Pujas and its various traditions like the Kumari Puja send forth an idea to the followers to respect Womanhood. in fkvbrnvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv- vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv- vvvvvvvvvverfvkmedcomedcmelmclemclemcklec register | forgot Bottom of Form Maa Durga Importance of Durga Puja Different people may have different take on the need and importance of Durga Puja. If one is looking from the traditional point of view then Durga, who is considered as the culmination of energies of the various Gods resembles the victory of the good over the evil. Goddess Durga has not only the powers to destroy evil but also the caring heart of a Mother and is therefore, referred popularly as Maa Durga. She is also referred to as Aditi – the mother of all gods and goddesses. This endearing quality of Durga makes Her so very lovable in the minds of Her followers. From being mother of all creations She equally holds the place of the destroyer. The word Durga means â€Å"durduhkhena gamyate† – destroyer of all evil and ignorance. Modern day importance – the concept of feminist Maa Durga with Her all powering qualities represents the feminist concept of women-power. It calls for the respect of the mother and women in our lives. No where it is important than in India where gender discrimination is still rampant. Durga Pujas and its various traditions like the Kumari Puja send forth an idea to the followers to respect Womanhood. in fkvbrnvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv- vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv- vvvvvvvvvverfvkmedcomedcmelmclemclemcklec register | forgot Bottom of Form Maa Durga Importance of Durga Puja Different people may have different take on the need and importance of Durga Puja. If one is looking from the traditional point of view then Durga, who is considered as the culmination of energies of the various Gods resembles the victory of the good over the evil. Goddess Durga has not only the powers to destroy evil but also the caring heart of a Mother and is therefore, referred popularly as Maa Durga. She is also referred to as Aditi – the mother of all gods and goddesses. This endearing quality of Durga makes Her so very lovable in the minds of Her followers. From being mother of all creations She equally holds the place of the destroyer. The word Durga means â€Å"durduhkhena gamyate† – destroyer of all evil and ignorance. Modern day importance – the concept of feminist Maa Durga with Her all powering qualities represents the feminist concept of women-power. It calls for the respect of the mother and women in our lives. No where it is important than in India where gender discrimination is still rampant. Durga Pujas and its various traditions like the Kumari Puja send forth an idea to the followers to respect Womanhood. in fkvbrnvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv- vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv- vvvvvvvvvverfvkmedcomedcmelmclemclemcklec

The Tortilla Curtain

Chris Farley English A Wilson October 30, 2010 TC Essay In the novel, The Tortilla Curtain, by T. C. Boyle a couple experiences life in California and never know whats going to happen. They find out life as they thought it would be, really isn’t how they imagined. They go through some great hardships that will forever change their lives and change their thoughts on things. Candido and America went through the most hardest times in this novel, they are illegel immigrants, they have no money, and Candido turns into a criminal doing all he can to survive. They came to the United States in hope of fulfilling their dreams.When they got here they thought they would be able to make a life for themselves and be able to live happily. Their views on that really changed when they had no place to live and hardly any food to eat. Being illegal immigrants there was really not much that they could do about food, money, a real job, and a place to live and call their home. He had to allow Amer ica to go and try and get work from the labor exchange when she made a very clear point when she said â€Å"We have maybe a cup or rice left, half a twelve-ounce sack of dry beans, six corn tortillas, no eggs, and no milk†(28).At this point Candido lost some of his pride and his manhood and he had no idea what he could to do earn it back. There was no way that Candido could have got a decent job and earn the house that he had promised his wife America before they came here seeing as he was illegal. He had promised her a house that was described as â€Å"A clean white one made out of lumber that smelled like the mountains, with a gas range, a refrigerator, and maybe a little yard for a garden and a place for the chickens†(28-29).He had to allow America to go and try and get work from the labor exchange when she made a very clear point when she said â€Å"We have maybe a cup or rice left, half a twelve-ounce sack of dry beans, six corn tortillas, no eggs, and no milkâ⠂¬ (28). With everything already being as bad as it was, America was pregnant and how would he be able to provide for his wife and his baby when she was born? Later in the novel it comes to a part where Candido and America leave their camp in the canyon and head for the city.Once they are there they come across a guy who asked them if they needed a place to stay, saying his aunt’s house was just around the corner. The guy led him into a trap where they beat him up and as he says â€Å"They got everything, every penny† (234). He fell for the trap and it made him think that he could not really trust anyone else but himself and his wife. There was no way that they could have gotten anything now and they had to make their way back into the camp in the canyon that they had left in the first place.Once Thanksgiving came around Candido had gotten a little bit of work and while he was at the market he was given a turkey. When he returned with the turkey they had fixed it all up so they could try and cook it. While that was all happening the flames from the fire had leapt to the trees and everything went up in a blaze. After they managed to get away from the fire and after they had a drink from the chinamans water hose they found themselves in a clump of bushes. While laying there Candido heard a noises from the leaves around them and in that instant America whispered to him â€Å"I think my water broke.The baby’s coming I can’t help it†(278). He had no idea what he was doing when he was delivering his baby, after all they were in the maintence shed and he had to make do with what was there. After the baby was born, it was time for them to move out of the shed and Candido had to make a house out of what he could. He finally made it out of some pallets that were held together with some nails. He turned into a criminal and was stealing dog dishes, dog food, and among other things. At this point he was climbing into peoples backyards an d taking what he needed.He happened to take a piece of green plastic from a greenhouse that one of them managed to have in their yards for his roof. After he made several trips to make something out of what he had he finally brought America and even though she didn’t want to be there she had no choice. While he was hungry he was thinking that some stew would be good and out of nowhere the cat appeared(Delaney’s cat) and Candido called out to it â€Å"Here kitty†(308). America wanted to know what was next after all of that and she asked Candido and he shrugged and said â€Å"I’ll find work I guess†(323).She made up her mind and told him â€Å"I want to go home and I don’t care if you come or not, it’s you they want not me. You’re the one†(323). She did not want to raise her daughter like that and Candido couldn’t do anything about their situation at all. He stood by the post office for hours trying to attract the a ttention of every pickup that pulled into the lumberyard, but he had no luck at all. He was making his way back to America when he noticed that someone was on the shoulder of the road up ahead.It was Delaney that was off on the side of the road and Candido froze. As he was thinking about the accident all over again he heard Delaney shout â€Å"You stay right there! †(331). Candido had made himself back to America and their little makeshift home, not realizing he was being followed by Delaney. Once he came in America told him that it looked like he saw a ghost and he responded with â€Å"I wish it was only a ghost†(349). He told her â€Å"it was the one with the red hair who hit me with his car, he scares me†(349).After eating and his clothes dried up America had told him that there was something wrong with Socorro’s eyes and she couldn’t see. Candido thought she was crazy and didn’t want to believe that his baby was blind. In that next insta nce Delaney appeared from nowhere and he held a gun but then he dropped it once he heard the roar of what was happening. Their homemade house fell to nothing and crumbled within the flood. They rode a pallet all the way down to the roof of the post office and that is when it hit Candido hard. He asked America â€Å"Where’s the baby? †(355) and she didn’t answer him.He was â€Å"numbed right through to the core†(355) and in that moment he saw the white face come up through the dark water and he reached down and took a hold of it. He saw that his baby girl Socorro was gone, lifeless and nothing could have changed that no matter how much he cursed about it and got angry. That was the worst thing that he could have had happen to him and he was angry, angry that his daughter would never be able to live the way he wanted her to and the way they should have lived. Candido and America went through a great deal of hardship over this novel and no one deserves to li ve like that.They had to make changes so that they could live and be able to try and live for what they came to the U. S. for. Neither of them got the dream life that they imagined but America sure grew from the experience. You can say that Candido was able to learn that your dreams in life don’t come as easy as you thought they would. You are going to have to make some kind of plan for life so you can go from that and know what you are doing.Works Cited Boyle, T. Coraghessan. The Tortilla Curtain. New York: Penguin Group, 1995. Print. The Tortilla Curtain In Part II, Chapter 3 of The Tortilla Curtain, Delaney’s life finally feels like it is returning back to normalcy. He is preparing a barbeque on a Sunday evening in mid-August, while his wife, Kyra is stretched out by the pool relaxing, but her work still by her side. They ate their dinner and began conversation about how she, â€Å"Kyra† had cleaned up Shoup, by telling Mike, her boss, that something need to be done or people would stop house shopping up here. Delaney began daydreaming about a meeting with Jack Jardine and a few of his neighbors. It was his first time meeting Dominick Flood and learning of his house confinement. The main agenda for the meeting was to disgust the wall the neighbors wanted to put up to keep the intruders out. To this Delaney was in complete shock. Upon returning from his daydream, the scene of yet another one of his dogs, Osbert, being swept up by the coyote in front of their eyes this time was of complete surprise. Delaney is definitely one that dominates Part II, Chapter 3 of The Tortilla Curtain. Delaney is still considered the liberal humanist, who believes in nature and feels that everyone should have right whether legal or illegal, but you can start to see him slowly evolve into a more reactionary racist, fueled by his anger of the accident and everything happening to him. Delaney has openness to anything around him such as his work but yet he is conscientiousness of everything that he does and what his family does. You see Delaney changing in this chapter by words he is using such as this statement he made to Kyra, â€Å" â€Å"Mexicans,† Delaney said, and there was no hesitation anymore, no reluctance to identify people by their ethnicity, no overlay of liberal-humanist guilt. Mexicans, there were Mexicans everywhere. † Kyra is conscientiousness about everything that she does, whether it being how her work has to be just perfect for the clients or how Jordan has to eat exactly what she wants him to eat. She is also an extraversion. She has so much energy and positive emotions that she puts into her job as a realtor. At the end of Part II, Chapter 3 of The Tortilla Curtain, I feel that Kyra is starting to feel like she is losing control over things in her live. First, Sacheverell and now Osbert has been captured by the coyote that she can’t seem to control by putting up a fence. THEME Immigrants â€Å"Mexicans† need to be stopped is one theme in this chapter. Kyra has had enough and she doesn’t want the scene of so many of them being seen by the 7-eleven on the boulevard as potential home buyers are driving by. She believes that’s the sort of thing they’re moving away from and she wants a good impression on the neighborhood. Another Theme in Part II, Chapter 3 in The Tortilla Curtain, is walls of privacy. The community of Arroyo Blanco Estates wants to protect itself from intruders on their land and community. They don’t feel safe anymore since the attack on Sunny DiMandia. They want to keep people that don’t live there out and they feel that putting up a wall will keep people and unwanted creatures out as well. A wall is a barrier to keep people and things out as well as to keep people and things in.

Intrinsic Property Definition (Chemistry)

Intrinsic Property Definition (Chemistry) In chemistry, an intrinsic property is a property of a substance that is independent of the amount of the substance present. Such properties are inherent qualities of the type and form of matter, mainly dependent on chemical composition and structure. Key Takeaways: Intrinsic Property of Matter An intrinsic property is independent of the size of a sample or the amount of matter that is present.Examples of intrinsic properties include density and specific gravity. Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Properties In contrast to intrinsic properties, extrinsic properties are not essential qualities of a material. Extrinsic properties are affected by external factors. Intrinsic and extrinsic properties are closely related to intensive and extensive properties of matter. Examples of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties Density is an intrinsic property, while weight is an extrinsic property. The density of a material is the same, regardless of the conditions. Weight depends on gravity, so it is not a property of matter, but depends on the gravitational field. The crystal structure of a sample of ice is an intrinsic property, while the color of the ice is an extrinsic property. A small sample of ice may appear clear, while a large sample would be blue. Source Lewis, David (1983). Extrinsic Properties. Philosophical Studies. Springer Netherlands. 44: 197–200. doi:10.1007/bf00354100

Answers to Cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answers to Cases - Essay Example The toxic plume caused massive kill of birds and fish. Moreover, it contaminated the drinking water of almost 2.5 million people. Acid mine drainage is another negative consequence of gold extraction. This can affect the environment for a long term period if the governments and communities do not take any kind of initiative. Stakeholder Theory Approach This case study is focused on negative impact of gold mining on the environment. A business firm can address to several opinion of different stakeholders linked with a particular issue through a stakeholder approach. There are two stakeholder categories namely market and non-market stakeholders. This part of the report will discuss about the contribution of these two types of stakeholders. Market Shareholders In this particular case; shareholders, employees and customers can be considered as the market stakeholders. Employees and the customers are considered as the key stakeholders of an organization. The workers of gold mining company know that using huge earth moving machines and dangerous explosive materials can crate risk to their health. This environmental conflict can force the employees to raise their voice against the gold mining process. On the other hand, shareholders always try to buy the share of these companies as gold is considered as one of the expensive metals. Customers also try to consume gold as the demand of this metal will continuously increase in future. Non-Market Shareholders Government, communities and several non-governmental organizations are considered as the non market stakeholders. It is important for the government to develop several environmental policies and laws for the gold mining organizations to reduce the level of environment pollution. Huge explosive materials and Cyanide heap-leaching is causing death of mankind and animals (Lottermoser, 2010, p.27). Ultimately, the ecological balance and safety of community is getting affected due to these gold mining activities. Community is another important stakeholder. Several villages and communities near the gold mines are getting affected. The villagers do not understand danger of the several collected hazardous liquid metals. More than 1000 individuals became ill due to the deadly effect of these metals. The nongovernmental organizations are also considered as the non market stakeholders. The gold mining organizations are trying to utilize several deadly mining materials to extract more number of gold metals. Several business support group are helping these organizations to secure the profit margin and financial stability. These activities are ultimately affecting the environment and health of several human beings and non-human animals. However, government is trying to initiate several awareness campaigns in order to the environmental conflict with the help of several NGOs. Stakeholder Map Several gold mining organizations are using Cyanide heap-leaching and heavy earth mover to maximize their gold mining. Cy anide is a deadly poison. The waste water and materials are generally spilled into the river. It causes death of several birds and fish. On the other hand, process of metal extraction seriously pollutes the air. It can cause several human diseases. The following stakeholder map will help to determine the position of all the stakeholders, such as employees,

What is Copyright, Fair Use, Public Domain Essay

What is Copyright, Fair Use, Public Domain - Essay Example In the culture of music, copyright has the intention of promoting the creation of new works, since authors and pioneers are given full control of and benefit from them. Copyrights are territorial thus implying they cannot go beyond a specific state/nation unless that nation has entered into an international agreement. It is imperative to note that personally, as a copyright holder, I have to cater for the copyright enforcement. In this regard, the holders are required to look for legal representation, administrative and in some cases court costs. These costs which in most cases also involve time should be put into consideration when the evaluation of benefits of enforcing copyrights. Additionally, disputes regarding copyright are handled by an approach that is directed to the infringing party so that the matter is settled out of court. Fair use is a limitation as well as exception to the exclusive right that is granted to the author of any creative work by copyright law. The copyright law of the United States advocates that fair use is a doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted work without necessarily getting permission from the holders of rights. Fair use includes commentary, criticism, teaching, research, news reporting, scholarship and archiving. Fair use provides for the legal, unlicensed citation or incorporating copyrighted material in a different work of another author and are evaluated according to four underlying factors; a) The purpose, nature and the intention of the use, b) The nature of the copyrighted work, c) The nature and the substantiality of the material used, and, d) the effect of use on the potential market for or value of the work. Fair use positively affects music culture since it promotes a level playing ground for all players in the music industry, and all players, whether rich or poor are protected by this law. Personally, the law of fair use will protect me as