Information Technology Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips

Information Technology Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips The number of jobs in the field of Information Technology has skyrocketed. This is one of the newest industries, and it’s growing fast.Everything is running on some sort of code, and we need people to maintain and update all of those contraptions.The number of jobs in the IT field has been projected to grow by 12% in the US until 2024, which roughly translates more than 480000 new jobs.The good thing about IT jobs is that they mostly don’t require you to have exclusively formal knowledge, and a good portfolio and work ethic go a long way in this case.However, there are a lot of people doing this, which means that there is more and more competition each day.The only thing that you can do is try your best and blow them all away with your resume.Let’s look at examples of some excellent resumes that you can check out in detail before we continue.Information Technology Resume Example Right IT Specialist Resume Example Right Create your own resumeThese are the two examples of a foolproof resume for information technology that we have for you. One of them is for an IT specialist, while the other is for an IT developer.There’s also a difference between the years of experience in both cases, but they’re both filled with the right information that you need in order to get the job that you applied for.And how do you do that? We’re here to help you.We took care to explain all the necessary steps in creating the resume with all the right info, and all you have to do is just follow the steps.In the end, use our resume builder to create a perfect resume in an easy and fast way!THE RIGHT WAY TO WRITE THE PERSONAL INFO SECTION OF YOUR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESUMEYou have to make sure that all the info you put in this section is correct and appropriate. This is the info that the employer is going to use to get in touch with you, so there should be no mistakes.You should also keep it simple and professional, without too much information. The only things that you need to mention are really the ones that you can see in the examples above.But, there are rules that you should follow to make the best out of it.Let’s start with the right way to write your name.Your name isn’t something that you can make a mistake with, right?Well, you sort of can.But, don’t worry.The only rule that you should follow is writing your full first name and last name, and leave out any nicknames or middle names as they are not needed.The name that you write should match the names on all the other personal info, especially your email and social media links.It should be positioned on the paper so that it’s easily visible, and it should be preferably written in big bold letters, just so the person reading your resume can find it conveniently.Antonio Williams RightTony Williams WrongThe next item is the photo. This part is not required, especially when it comes to IT department jobs, but you can add it if you want to. There are some countries where you have to add a photograph to your resume, but most places don’t have this requirement because they believe that it could make the employer make assumptions about you.If you do choose to add a picture of yourself to your resume, make sure that it’s high resolution, clearly shows your face and that it makes you look professional.You can leave out your full home address from your resume, with just area and city that you live in noted down. If you have your resume posted on any online platforms it would be better if you completely left out your address for safety reasons. You can send it in along with your resume when you apply for a job.It’s better if you submit your mobile phone number, as that is usually an easier way to get in touch with somebody. Your phone number should also be left out from any online platforms.The email address that you give away in your resume should be simple and professional, preferably with just your name in it.Don’t use any emails that you made when you were in middle school and that probably have embarrassing aliases instead of your name. If you don’t have a professional and simple email, make a new one.antoniowilliams@gmail.com Righttonythetiger@gmail.com WrongLast but not least, your social media should follow similar guidelines.The link that leads to your LinkedIn profile or even your website should be professional, with your full name in it.Also, all o your profiles, even the one that you don’t mention in your resume should be presentable and show you as the best person possible.WRITING THE FOOLPROOF SUMMARY SECTION OF YOUR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESUMEThe summary section is the part where you’re supposed to summarize your whole resume in just a couple of sentences.That’s why it would be better and much easier if you first write the rest of your resume and then take the time to pick the most important elements of it and put them in the summary.Needless to say, this cou ld potentially be the only part of the summary that the person in charge of employing you is going to read.You never know, so you should make all parts of your resume impeccable.The most important things that you should write in the summary of your resume are:The years that you spent in the fieldThe exact position that you have experience inSpecial certifications that you have (if you have them)Some of your most important accomplishments that show that you’re a capable workerAnd things that you’re an expert inThis can turn into a lengthy list, but you should pick only the information that shows your expertise and can fit into three to six sentences. So, how do you write the summary?When it comes to the form of the summary, it would be best if you started it with your title and certifications, and also the years that you spent working in that field with a small review of your expertise.SummaryProfessional and detail-oriented IT specialist with over 10 years of experience in check ing and maintaining hardware and installing computer networks and systems. RightThe middle part can be about the most important accomplishments that you think put you at the top of the list of possible candidates.It’s proven that adding hard numbers to info like this betters your chances of getting the job, so don’t be afraid to brag a little!Summary (cont.)Solved three network issues in the last workplace, resulting in saving on equipment costs by 35%. Got recognized as the Employee of the Month four times. RightThe end of your summary should be personalized.State what position you’re applying for and you can also add some of your best attributes or skills or make this part special by mentioning the name of the company that you’re applying for in some way.Summary (cont.)Antonio is looking for a position as an IT specialist. RightMAKING THE EXPERIENCE SECTION OF YOUR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESUME THE BEST ONE IN 2019This is usually the part that scares most people, especi ally the ones that don’t have much experience in this area.But we’re going to show you that there’s no reason to worry, whether you have tens of years of experience, or just one.That being said, the experience is usually what most employers are going to search for, mostly because people with more experience are usually more profitable for them. Or at least they think that way.No matter how much experience you have, we’re going to show you how to properly put that experience on your information technology resume and make the best of it.But first, the format. The best one that you can use is the reverse chronological order, in which you put your most recent activities first, and so on.This is the best option because your most recent job is usually the one where you had the best results.When listing your experience first start with the years that you spent at a certain company, then continue with the name of the company and its location, and finish with your exact position in t he company.After that, you can list your duties in bullet point form. And don’t forget to turn your duties into accomplishments and add some hard numbers whenever possible!Of course, there is plenty of different specific job position s that you can have in this field, and the duties and accomplishments for all of them might vary.Positions such as web developers, software developers, computer programmers, and computer network architects all have jobs with different charges.Only list the jobs where the skills that you acquired can be transferred to the job in the field of information technology.There’s no need to pile up information that’s going to be useless to your employer. Show that you’re professional and efficient.If you don’t have any experience at all, don’t be afraid. In this section, you can also list the previous jobs that you had but that weren’t in the field, as long as you had some duties that can be used in the job that you’re applying for now.You can al so list internships and volunteer work, maybe even some competitions, as well as some of the things that you achieved if you worked as a freelancer, but only if they have something to do with this.Don’t forget to use professional language that will show that you know what you’re doing. Right WrongTHE EDUCATION SECTION OF YOUR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESUME THAT IS GOING TO GET YOU THE JOB THAT YOU WANTThe good thing about this field is that formal education isn’t always needed and you can easily get a job if you have experience and a good portfolio.But, you should still list your education, because it’s important.In this case, you should list the highest form of degree that you have, whether it’s a high school degree or a college one.In both cases, you should write down the years that you spent getting that degree, the level of degree that you got and the place where you studied, preferably with a location.The way that you write your college degree should look like this: RightKeep in mind that you can also add some accomplishments in this part, especially if you had a really high GPA, were in any noted clubs, or won any competitions and took part in some important research. Don’t write any things are average, as they can do more harm than good.Also, if you’re still a college student you can write it down like this: RightThe same thing goes for your high school diploma, which can look like this, but you can also add some accomplishments if you want to: RightSHOWING THE BEST OF YOUR SKILLS ON YOUR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESUMEHaving a special kind of skills is important when you’re one of the hundreds of people applying for a job at a certain company.While acquiring those skills is a completely different story, making sure to pick the best ones and show them in the right way is what’s important.You should list your skills in bullet form format, and you can even highlight some of them if you consider them to be more vital.This list shouldn’t be too long or too short; listing up to ten items is completely fine. Just pick the most important ones.You should know that there’s a difference between soft skills and hard skills. Soft skills can be considered as attributes, but there are some that all employers look for, and hard skills are job-specific.In this case, the hard skills can be things such as database administration, security, UI development, network architecture, and so on, while soft skills can include problem-solving, creativity, and team leadership.In any way, the skills that you write on your resume should always have something to do with the job that you’re applying for, just like the experience section.Your employers don’t need to know that you’re a great swimmer unless the job advertisement says that they really need a good swimmer.Don’t overdo it with the soft skills. They’re important, but not as important as the technical hard skills.And before you write this part, read the job advertisement in detail. They probably already listed all the skills that you would need in order to become a part of their company.This is how your skills should look like on your resume: Right WrongTIPS AND TRICK TO HELP YOU MAKE AN EXCELLENT RESUME FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYUse a template â€" This is a trick that could possibly save you a ton of time that you would spend struggling with other forms of resume making. So, for a stress-free resume writing experience, just pick a template and fill it in. This will also make your resume more aesthetically appealing.Don’t lie â€" The worst thing that you can decide to do while starting to write your resume is making up facts about yourself that aren’t true. There are no white lies, and you might not be able to get yourself out of the situation in which you get caught. The punishment can be extremely severe in some cases.Change up your resume for every job offer â€" You should do this because every company has a different job advertisement and you should change your resume so that it fits. It’s just always better if it’s personalized.The length â€" Ideally, your resume should be only one page long, but if you have a lo t of important details that you shouldn’t leave out feel free to make it longer. Just don’t list unimportant things just because you want to make it seem like you’re more experienced than you are.The font â€" Choose a simple and professional font that isn’t hard to read.Format â€" Check the job advertisement to make sure which type of format you should submit. Some companies want a pdf and some want a word file. If it’s not stated, send the pdf, but have a word file and a printed version of your resume ready.Be concise â€" There’s no reason to describe all the things that you achieved in great detail. Be simple and effective.Bullet-points are the best thing that you can use â€" Mostly because they let you show the info in the most simple and concise fashion.Highlight! â€" If you think that something is important, feel free to highlight it somehow. Either by underlying, putting it in the bullet-point list, or making the letters bold.Curriculum Vitae is not the title of yo ur resume â€" Everybody knows that it’s a resume, so don’t write it at the top of the page.Too much personal information is a no â€" All the things that you need to list as your personal information you can see in the examples above. Unfortunately, your employers might make assumptions about you if you give out more than that.Languages â€" If you speak any languages list them in your skills. They are always important.Volunteering â€" Add some volunteer experience in your experience section, but only if it has some skills and duties that can be transferred to this job.Achievements â€" have you been a part of a club or a competition? Write it down to show that you’re successful in this area.Proofread â€" Always check your grammar before submitting your resume.Don’t use slang or shortened words â€" Being correct when it comes to language and grammar is important.Review â€" Get somebody to review your resume or do it by yourself a couple of hours later.CONCLUSIONWe hope that the tips and steps that we had for you helped you realize what to put in your resume and which things you should leave out!If you ever feel like you don’t know what you’re doing, just look at the examples and follow the steps that we wrote to make the most superb resume of your life.The most important things that you should remember to do are being honest, only listing the things that have something to do with the job that you’re applying for, and doing a thorough grammar check.Also, use our resume builder!It’s going to make this whole experience easy and stress-free.Good luck! Create your own resume

Economics Essay - 1090 Words

Economics is an ever-changing field of study. Within that area of interest, there are many people who have influenced the world with their individual economic point of view. Some of those people have made a fundamental impact upon not only the United States of America, but also upon the world. Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Maynard Keynes, Friedrich Von Hayek, Milton Friedman, and Fengbo Zhang are six men who have accomplished just that. Their opinions, actions, and words have forever changed the world of economics. Adam Smith The â€Å"father of economics† was born in Scotland. His birth occurred during the year of 1723. Adam Smith’s renowned book The Wealth of Nations examined the idea of capital and money, the progress of industry,†¦show more content†¦He felt that, except for certain extreme instances, the government should not interfere with the market. Adam Smith died in 1790, but his economic ideas have lived on. 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Essay on The Scientific Mystery of Dreams - 853 Words

Since the beginning of time, people have been trying to understand the different functions of the human body, how we move, talk, act, and for the most part many of these physiological behaviors have been explained on some level. However, one area of the human body that has had researchers and scientist confused for a long time is the mind. Many things go on inside the mind that don’t make sense and so far have no tangible explanation of why it occurs and how. One of the most fascinating and mysterious sections of psychology is that of dreaming. We dream thousands of dreams every night, but why and what do they mean? We spend one third of our lives sleeping and 15-20% of that time is spent dreaming. (1) Dreams are a sequence of images†¦show more content†¦This is a strange phenomenon that naturally happens to everyone, it’s just that some remember better than others. (4) The next two types of dreams are more known Dream interpretation has been around for a long time. 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Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 Free Essays

Abolition of The Death Penalty 1040 Words 5 Pages The Abolishment of the Death Penalty As Americans we live in a modern republic under a government constructed to secure the rights of the people. Today’s government and judicial systems were forged by our founding fathers as they fought to establish a government free from tyranny and brutality and thereby forming a constitution based on civil liberties. Our country has grown and matured through the centuries and in effect has made changes and alterations as innovations and advancements have deemed necessary. We will write a custom essay sample on Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 or any similar topic only for you Order Now One area where we seem to have evolved at a slower rate is in the archaic and often inhumane judicial laws of the death penalty. The death penalty, a law which strips the civil liberties and violates the human rights of the accused offender, needs to be abolished. If as a nation we are to uphold our integrity it is imperative that the United States embrace the worldwide movement toward the complete abolition of the inhumane act of capital punishment. Intense controversy over the legality of the death penalty in the United States has always been multi-faceted and emotionally charged. Constitutional lawyers insist the founding fathers made provision for the death penalty in the 5th amendment which guarantees â€Å"due process of law before a person can be deprived of life, liberty or property†, while ignoring the 8th amendment which bars cruel and unusual punishments (Singh, 2003). There is no constitutional amendment that gives state or federal governments the authority to proclaim death as a penalty. This is an assumption based on the methods of punishment used in the era of the first colonies. The archaic â€Å"eye for an eye†, â€Å"Annie get your gun† justice has regressed into a self-justifying realm of indecision where it is easier continue in conventional tradition. We need to demand the legal system be held accountable to constitutional laws as written not as interpreted based on history. Death by hanging, firing squads, electrocution, the gas chamber and death by lethal injection are all options still available to those on death row. Each one in progression a little more civilized then the one before it, or so society attempts to convince themselves. The courts, as well as society, need to stop accepting and allowing these gruesome acts of purposely killing another human in the name of justice. In recent centuries the majority of American citizens supported the death penalty believing it served both as a deterrent and as an appropriate response to particularly heinous crimes. Unquestionably, there are heinous acts of crime being committed. Yes, these crimes need to be addressed, victims and their families need validation and offenders needed to be prosecuted, punished and kept from harming others. Yet, in our imperfect legal system and often overzealous prosecution mistakes are inevitable. Seemingly conclusive circumstantial evidence, coerced confessions, emotionally biased witness testimonies, inadequate legal representation and community pressure all fatal ingredients that could lead to a life altering mistake by a jury of the accused peers or a presiding judge. It could be argued that death is what murderers deserve. However, requiring that the punishment fit the crime is an unacceptable principle, we would then have to apply this to all crimes such as rape, assault and torture. While punishment needs to be proportionate to the offense and retribution is sought, these are not sound and objective reasoning for the death penalty. Although some advocates for the death penalty would argue that its merits are worth the occasional execution of innocent people, to maintain the death penalty in the failures of the system is unacceptable (ACLU 2011). Eighty-four years ago, Judge Learned Hand said, â€Å"Our procedure has been always haunted by the ghost of the innocent man convicted† (Law ; Social Inquiry, 2009). The argument for a deterrent of violent crimes cannot be upheld consistently or statistically as a rational determinant. We need to stop allowing our legal system to play off of emotion and the human desire for retribution and begin to acknowledge alternative sentencing such as life in prison without parole. This is more humane as well as cost effective, due to less court appeal fees, separate housing and security costs, and the need for victim validation through life-long punishment is still fulfilled. The death penalty should no longer be a legal option. Once, unequivocally accepted worldwide for a variety of crimes, the death penalty has been widely outlawed in today’s progressive society. The United Nations General Assembly imposed a policy that states throughout the world, it is desirable to â€Å"progressively restrict the number of offenses for which the death penalty might be imposed, with a view to the desirability of abolishing this punishment†. As of recent, 140 countries, more than two-thirds of the countries in the world have now abolished the death penalty in law or practice (Amnesty International, 2012). How can America remain influential in speaking with other nations about human rights and civil liberties while leading their own convicted citizens to death row? We need to step out of the hypocrisy and stand with these other countries worldwide and abolish the death penalty. Everyday American school children recite the Pledge of Allegiance in their classrooms repeating â€Å"for liberty and justice for all.† American junior and senior high school students are being taught the history of the United States, the Constitution and Bill or Rights. They learn about civil liberties, American freedoms and the justice of the legal system. Yet, we are not providing them with examples when we continue to implement the death penalty. In an ever advancing country where liberal thinking and tolerance, equality and human rights are encouraged by leaders, we still hold fast to an archaic and unthinkable law, the death penalty. We need to hear the truth in the words of the framers of the constitution, the voice of the world and the cry of those who are appalled by the violation of human rights. The people of this free nation need, with one voice, to call for the abolition of the death penalty. References American Civil Liberties Union and the ACLU Foundation, 2012, Retrieved March 9, 2012, http://www.aclu.org/capital-punishment/case-against-death-penalty Amnesty International, 2012,Retrieved March 9, 2012, http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/abolitionist-and-retentionist-countries Law Social Inquiry, Volume 34, Issue 3, 603–633, summer 2009 Robert Singh, PhD, Governing America: The Politics of a Divided Democracy, 2003 How to cite Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965, Papers

the locol Essay Example For Students

the locol Essay British government is democratic government. So, too, is American government; it roots are buried deep in English political and social history. Yet there are important differences between the two systems of government. Most of those differences grow out of this fundamnetally important point: Unlike government in the United State, government in Great Britain is unitary and and parlimentary in form and rests upon an unwritten constitution. They rule what they call a monarchy. The MonarchyIn contrast to such republics as the United States and France, Britain has a hereditary ruler; so Great Britain is a monarchy. Its monarch bears the title of queen or king. While English monarchs once ruled with absolute power, their role has changed , and they are now little more than figureheads. Because her powers and duties are controlled by Britains unwritten constitution, Elizabeth II, Britains queen since 1952, is known as a constitutional monarch. We will write a custom essay on the locol specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In formal terms, all acts of the British government are performed in the name of the queen. The queen does appoint the prime minister, byt her choice is subject to the approval of the House of Commons. So, traditionally, she chooses the leader of the majority party in that house to be prime minister. She has no power to dismiss the prome minister. The house of Lords The upper chamber, the House of lords, is a predominantly aristocratic body of more than1,100 members. More than 750 of its members have inherited their positions. They hold noble titles-such as duke, marquess, earl, viscount, and baron-and are known as the hereditary peers. The other members are appointed for life by the queen. They include two archbishops and 24 bishops of the Church of England, law lords (eminent judges), and some 350 life peers. The life peers are persons who have been honored for their careers in science, literature, the arts, politics, or businnes. The House of Lords holds no real power over legisla tion. If it rejexts a bill passed by the House of Commons

United States Oil Consumption †Macroeconomics Essay

United States Oil Consumption – Macroeconomics Essay Free Online Research Papers United States Oil Consumption Macroeconomics Essay The United States consumes about 131 billion gallons of gasoline per year. That equates to about 118 million barrels of oil daily. Considering there is about 100 million households in the United States, that is 3.6 gallons per household daily. This amount of gasoline cannot be supplied for an extended amount of time. It is also not safe to rely so heavily on such a scarce resource. This is the reason alternative fuels are being designed and tested to take the place of petroleum based fuels. One of the most promising alternative is electric motors. This is often done by converting a normal gasoline powered car into an electric powered car. Electric motors are near silent and drastically reduce emissions. The electric motor is powered by a controller which is powered by fifty lead-acid rechargeable batteries. These are wired into two sets of fifty which creates three hundred volts of direct current. Additional electric motors are needed to run accessories that would otherwise be run by the gasoline engine. These accessories include air conditiong, power steering pump, and water pump. The power brakes which relied on the vacuum created by the intake stroke of the piston in the four stroke gasoline engine are now supplied vacuum with a vacuum pump. Heating the cabin is now done by an electric water heater instead of having engine coolant routed to the cab. It costs one dollar to fully charge the vehicle, which equates to two cents per mile. If a gasoline powered c ar gets thirty miles per gallon and gasoline costs $1.20 per gallon, the cost per mile is about four cents. The major drawbacks to this design would be the limited range of the vehicle on a single charge (50 miles) and slow accelleration (0-60mph in 15 seconds). You can increase the range of the vehicle, but you also sacrifice accelleration. As it is now, the batteries weigh about 1,100 pounds and last roughly 20,000 miles. To replace the batteries it would cost $2000, so the batteries equate to about ten cents per mile. A slight modification to this design is the fuel cell. Instead of batteries, it gets its electricity from a fuel cell powered by pure hydrogen. The fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device that converts hydrogen and oxygen into water, creating electricity and heat. Fuel cells are usually classified according to the type of electrolyte used. The most promising type of fuel cell is the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Each cell only produces 0.7 volts, so many cells must be connected in series to increase the output to a useable voltage. These cells operate at about 176 degrees fahrenheit, which is in the ballpark of the operating temperature of a conventional gasoline engine. Gasoline engines normally operate from 160-210 degrees fahrenheit, so heat isnt an issue. The power density of a PEMFC lets a fuel cell the size of a suit case to properly power an automobile. The only drawback to fuel cells is the availability of hydrogen. It is very hazardous to tr ansport and store, so a hydrogen refueling station is not practical. Other fuels can power fuel cells when they are converted into hydrogen by a reformer with less efficiency than pure hydrogen, but have much greater availability. These fuels include natural gas, propane, and methanol. When pure hydrogen is used, the fuel cell operates at 80% efficiency. When methanol is used to power the fuel cell, this number drops to 30-40%. Knowing that a gasoline engine operates at about 20% efficiency, these numbers are very good. Another alternative is the air-powered car. These cars convert compressed air into mechanical energy. The two cylinder compressed air engine can run on either compressed air or internal combustion. The compressed air is stored in carbon fiber wrapped tanks at a pressure of 4,351 pounds per square inch. The air travels through an injector which is aimed at the piston. The expanding air pushes the piston down, turning the crankshaft and moving the car. The only emission from this engine is air, so it is considered a zero pollutant engine. Internal combustion is used at high speeds to save the compressed air for low speed driving where engines produce the most pollutants. The range of these cars is about 125 miles and have a top speed of about 60 miles per hour. Using a household electrical source, it takes about four hours to refill the tanks. A rapid three minute refill can be done with a high pressure pump. The engine still requires oil to lubricate the piston and cranksha ft, but only 0.8 liters that has to be changed every 31,000 miles. This is considerably less than gasoline powered cars which use about 5 liters of oil every 3000 miles. Many have recognized our over reliance on petroleum and are trying to think of ways to preserve this non renewable resource with ones that are renewable. If we wait until all the petroleum is gone before we seek a solution, we will no longer be able to make plastics as they are petroleum based. Plastics are vital to our everyday life, from pens to computers to life saving hospital equipment. Plastic is also used for specialty purposes such as bullet proof vests and glass where there are no materials suitable to replace it for the application. Without plastic, there may be an even fewer amount of possible solutions to petroleum. All of the alternatives discussed have used plastic in one way or another because it would be extremely difficult to cut out the use of petroleum all together. The focus is to control the consumption of petroleum by the vehicle instead. I am excited to see what the future holds in store for transportation. Bibliography How much gasoline does the United States consume in one year? by Marshall Brain http://auto.howstuffworks.com/question417.htm How Fuel Cells Work by Karim Nice http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-cell.htm How Air-Powered Cars Will Work by Kevin Bonsor http://auto.howstuffworks.com/air-car.htm Research Papers on United States Oil Consumption - Macroeconomics EssayRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationGenetic EngineeringAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAW

Definition and Examples of Text in Language Studies

Definition and Examples of Text in Language Studies In linguistics, the term text refers to: The original words of something written, printed, or spoken, in contrast to a summary or paraphrase.A coherent stretch of language that may be regarded as an object of critical analysis. Text linguistics refers to a form of discourse analysis- a method of studying written or spoken language- that is concerned with the description and analysis of extended texts (those beyond the level of the single sentence). A text can be any example of written or spoken language, from something as complex as a book or legal document to something as simple as the body of an email or the words on the back of a cereal box. In the humanities, different fields of study concern themselves with different forms of texts. Literary theorists, for example, focus primarily on literary texts- novels, essays, stories, and poems. Legal scholars focus on legal texts such as laws, contracts, decrees, and regulations. Cultural theorists work with a wide variety of texts, including those that may not typically be the subject of studies, such as advertisements, signage, instruction manuals, and other ephemera. Text Definition Traditionally, a text is understood to be a piece of written or spoken material in its primary form (as opposed to a paraphrase or summary). A text is any stretch of language that can be understood in context. It may be as simple as 1-2 words (such as a stop sign) or as complex as a novel. Any sequence of sentences that belong together can be considered a text. Text refers to content rather than form; for example, if you were talking about the text of Don Quixote, you would be referring to the words in the book, not the physical book itself. Information related to a text, and often printed alongside it- such as an authors name, the publisher, the date of publication, etc.- is known as paratext. The idea of what constitutes a text has evolved over time. In recent years, the dynamics of technology- especially social media- have expanded the notion of the text to include symbols such as emoticons and emojis. A sociologist studying teenage communication, for example, might refer to texts that combine traditional language and graphic symbols. Texts and New Technologies The concept of the text is not a stable one. It is always changing as the technologies for publishing and disseminating texts evolve. In the past, texts were usually presented as printed matter in bound volumes such as pamphlets or books. Today, however, people are more likely to encounter texts in digital space, where the materials are becoming more fluid, according to linguists David Barton and Carmen Lee: Texts can no longer be thought of as relatively fixed and stable. They are more fluid with the changing affordances of new media. In addition, they are becoming increasingly multimodal and interactive. Links between texts are complex online, and intertextuality is common in online texts as people draw upon and play with other texts available on the web. An example of such intertextuality can be found in any popular news story. An article in The New York Times, for example, may contain embedded tweets from Twitter, links to outside articles, or links to primary sources such as press releases or other documents. With a text such as this, it is sometimes difficult to describe what exactly is part of the text and what is not. An embedded tweet, for instance, may be essential to understanding the text around it- and therefore part of the text itself- but it is also its own independent text. On social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter, as well as blogs and Wikipedia, it is common to find such relationships between texts. Text Linguistics Text linguistics is a field of study where texts are treated as communication systems. The analysis deals with stretches of language beyond the single sentence and focuses particularly on context, i.e. information that goes along with what is said and written. Context includes such things as the social relationship between two speakers or correspondents, the place where communication occurs, and non-verbal information such as body language. Linguists use this contextual information to describe the socio-cultural environment in which a text exists. Sources Barton, David, and Carmen Lee. Language Online: Investigating Digital Texts and Practices. Routledge, 2013.Carter, Ronald, and Michael McCarthy. Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press, 2006.Ching, Marvin K. L., et al. Linguistic Perspectives on Literature. Routledge, 2015.